health
Bad health can be defined as the presence of disease, good health as its absence—particularly the absence of continuing disease, because the person afflicted with a sudden attack of seasickness, for example, may not be thought of as having lost good health as a result of such a mishap.Dr katewa bone marrow case
Actually, there is a wide variable area between health and disease. Only a few examples are necessary to illustrate the point: (1) It is physiologically normal for an individual to have a high blood sugar content 15 to 20 minutes after eating a meal. If, however, the sugar content remains elevated two hours later, this condition is abnormal and may be indicative of disease. (2) A “healthy” individual may have developed an allergy, perhaps during early childhood, to a single specific substance. If the person never again comes in contact with the antigen that causes the allergy, all other factors remaining normal, he or she will remain in that state of health. However, should the individual come in contact with that allergen again, even 20 or 30 years later, he or she may suffer anything from a mild allergic reaction—a simple rash—to severe anaphylactic shock, coma, or even death, depending upon the circumstances. Thus it can be seen that, unlike disease, which is frequently recognizable, tangible, and rather easily defined, health is a somewhat nebulous condition and somewhat difficult to define.Dr katewa bone marrow case
Moreover, physical condition and health are not synonymous terms. A seven-foot-tall basketball player may be in excellent physical condition (although outside the range of normality for height) but may or may not be in good health—depending, for example, on whether the individual has fallen victim to an attack of influenza.Dr katewa bone marrow case
There are further problems in settling upon a definition of human health. A person may be physically strong, resistant to infection, and able to cope with physical hardship and other features of his or her physical environment and still be considered unhealthy if his or her mental state, as measured by behaviour, is deemed unsound. Mental health can itself be defined variously. Some say that a person is mentally healthy if he or she is able to function reasonably well and is emotionally and behaviorally stable. Others define it as the absence of mental disorder.Dr katewa bone marrow case
In the face of confusion about definitions of health, it is most useful, perhaps, to define health, good or bad, in terms that can be measured and interpreted with respect to the ability of the individual at the time of measurement to function in a normal manner, with respect to the likelihood of imminent disease. These measurements can be found in tables of “reference values” printed in textbooks of clinical medicine, diagnosis, and other references of this type. When an individual is given a health examination, the examination is likely to include a series of tests. Some of these tests are more descriptive than quantitative and can indicate the presence of disease in a seemingly healthy person. Such tests include the electrocardiogram to detect some kinds of heart disease; the electromyogram for primary muscle disorders; liver and gall bladder function tests; and X-ray techniques for determining disease or malfunction of internal organs.Dr katewa bone marrow case
Other tests give numerical results (or results that can be assigned numerical values—such as photometric colour determinations) that can be interpreted by the examiner. These are physical and chemical tests, including blood, urine, and cerebrospinal-fluid analyses. The results of the tests are compared with the reference values, and the physician receives clues as to the health of the patient and, if the values are abnormal, for the methods of improving the patient’s health.Dr katewa bone marrow case
A major difficulty in the interpretation of test results is that of biological variability. Almost without exception, reference values for variables are means or adjusted means of large group measurements. For these values to have significance, they must be considered as lying somewhere near the centre point of a 95 percent range—i.e., the so-called ordinary range or, with reservations, the range from normal to the upper and lower borderline limits. Thus, the 2.5 percent below the lower limit and the 2.5 percent above the upper limit of the 95 percent range are considered areas of abnormality or, perhaps, illness. Some areas have wide 95 percent ranges—blood pressure, for example, may vary considerably throughout the day (e.g., during exercise, fright, or anger) and remain within its range of normality. Other values have ranges so narrow that they are called physiological constants. An individual’s body temperature, for example, rarely varies (when taken at the same anatomical site) by more than a degree (from time of rising until bedtime) without being indicative of infection or other illness.Dr katewa bone marrow case
flatulence
flatulence, the presence of excessive amounts of gas in the stomach or intestine, which sometimes results in the expulsion of the gas through the anus. Healthy individuals produce significant amounts of intestinal gas (flatus) daily; without rectal release, gases trapped within the digestive system produce bloating and abdominal distention. Although a normal occurrence, flatulence sometimes causes embarrassment because of the sound and fetid odour of the gases.Dr katewa bone marrow case
Intestinal gas comes from either swallowed air (nitrogen and oxygen) or the fermentation by bacteria of poorly digested carbohydrates in the colon, yielding a mixture of carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and methane. All the common intestinal gases are odourless; about 1 percent of the flatus consists of a mixture of other gases that causes the distinctive odour. Foods with high proportions of nondigestible carbohydrates, such as beans and other legumes, are associated with excessive flatulence; unusual flatulence not associated with specific dietary causes may indicate intestinal malabsorption or other disease processes.Dr katewa bone marrow case
hygiene
hygiene, the science of preserving health. The subject embraces all agencies affecting the physical and mental well-being of humans. It involves, in its personal aspect, consideration of food, water and other beverages; clothing; work, exercise and sleep; personal cleanliness; and mental health. In its public aspect it deals with climate; soil; character, materials and arrangement of dwellings; heating and ventilation; removal of waste matters; medical knowledge on incidence and prevention of disease; and disposal of the dead.
intestinal gas
intestinal gas, also called flatus, material contained within the digestive tract that consists principally of swallowed air and partly of by-products of digestion. In humans the digestive tract contains normally between 150 and 500 cubic cm (10 and 30 cubic inches) of gas. During eating, air is swallowed into the stomach; this is either eructated (belched) or passed on to the intestines.Dr katewa bone marrow case
Gas in the stomach contains approximately 15 to 16 percent oxygen and 5 to 9 percent carbon dioxide; the rest is nitrogen. The air that is breathed contains about 21 percent oxygen; thus, some of the swallowed oxygen is absorbed by the blood capillaries in the stomach. Carbon dioxide is formed by reduction of the food by the stomach’s gastric juices. Nitrogen is not absorbed as a gas and is usually passed on.Dr katewa bone marrow case
The small intestine absorbs some of the carbon dioxide and oxygen and rapidly passes the remaining gas to the large intestine. If obstructions occur in the small intestine, gas pockets can accumulate containing as much as 3,500 cubic cm (200 cubic inches) of gas. These pockets distend the small intestine, causing severe pain. Normally, gas passes through the small intestine with the regular intestinal movements.Dr katewa bone marrow case
In the large intestine, or colon, the gas volume is usually 100 to 200 cubic cm (6 to 12 cubic inches). Most of the oxygen has been removed, and the amount of carbon dioxide has increased. New gases formed from bacterial fermentation are added in the colon. Of the new gases produced, hydrogen is the major component. Some of this is absorbed by the blood and released through the lungs during breathing. Other gas products formed are methane, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and various sulfur-containing mercaptans. Excess gas in the colon is eventually passed from the body by a process known as flatulence. Certain foods, such as beans, pork, onions, cabbage, and cauliflower, are known to increase gas production because of their high sulfur content.Dr katewa bone marrow case
International Council of Women (ICW), organization, founded in 1888, that works with agencies around the world to promote health, peace, equality, and education.Dr katewa bone marrow case
International Council of Women
Founded by Susan B. Anthony, May Wright Sewell, and Frances Willard, among others, the ICW held its first convention March 25–April 1, 1888, in Washington, D.C. Nine countries—England, Ireland, France, Norway, Denmark, Finland, India, Canada, and the United States—sent 49 delegates. Though the council’s primary goal was the advancement of women, it did not demand woman suffrage so as not to alienate the more conservative members. A constitution was drafted with international assemblies to be held every five years and national meetings occurring every three. The early international conferences were extensively covered by the press, especially the 1899 meeting in which Anthony met Queen Victoria.Dr katewa bone marrow case
In the 1920s the ICW and its standing committees worked with the League of Nations, and following World War II it became a consultant to the United Nations. With more than 70 member countries, the ICW has been headquartered in Paris since 1963. Officers are elected by delegates from national boards at triennial international congresses. The council is affiliated with numerous agencies, including, from 1981, the World Health Organization.Dr katewa bone marrow case
nutritional supplement
nutritional supplement, in foods, any vitamin or mineral added during processing to improve nutritive value and sometimes to provide specific nutrients in which populations are deficient. Flour and bread products are often enriched with iron and the B vitamins thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin; and citrus-fruit beverages, naturally containing vitamin C, may be fortified with additional vitamin C units. Addition of iodine to salt has eliminated goitre in some areas in which it was formerly common; and vitamin D may be added to baby foods to combat rickets.
Dr katewa bone marrow caseDr katewa bone marrow case
Dr katewa bone marrow caseDr katewa bone marrow case
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